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New AIDS math could halve need for CD4 tests after ART in developing countries
17-Apr-2012 - In wealthy countries, antiretroviral therapy (ART) has transformed AIDS into an often-manageable chronic
condition, as patients can receive both the therapeutics and the constant monitoring that ensures the therapies remain effective.
Developing nations, however, frequently need to balance expansion of treatment access versus the economic resources to sustain
the routine blood testing that ART requires. At a time when global funding commitments for AIDS therapy programs are being
cut, there is a great need to find new strategies to maximize available resources.
Now, researchers at The Wistar Institute and the University of Massachusetts Amherst, with global collaborators, introduce a new
"prediction-based classification" (PBC) system that could potentially reduce the burden of monitoring patients on ART experienced
by medical laboratories in developing nations. Their findings, published today in the journal PLoS Medicine, introduce
a mathematical system that can predict which patients on antiretroviral therapy may not experience a rise in CD4 T cells
(a type of white blood cell), thereby triaging tests only to those who may need it.
Their study, a retrospective analysis that applies the new approach based on measuring total white blood cell count measures only,
potentially could eliminate nearly 54 percent of CD4 tests. As a result, the proposed algorithm could allow doctors in
resource-deprived regions to forgo costly routine CD4 counts, investing the savings into expanding their CD4 count
test capacity, and increase the number of people who can receive life-saving ART all within the same laboratory infrastructure.
Currently, World Health Organization standards recommend that patients go on antiretroviral therapy when their CD4 T counts drop below
a threshold of 350 cells per microliter of blood, and patients on ART require routine CD4 count testing to see if they begin developing
resistance to their current drug regimen.
"A CD4 count is the standard marker for immune recovery after ART treatment as a reliable indicator of patient health, but it is also
a capacity and resource-intensive process," said Luis J. Montaner, senior author of the study, Wistar professor, and director of the
Institute's HIV-1 Immunopathogenesis Laboratory. "Our algorithm could be used as a triage tool to direct available laboratory CD4
testing capacity to high-priority individuals, that is, those likely to experience a dangerously low CD4 count."
"We think that, with additional testing and refinement, prediction-based classification could increase the overall capacity of existing
laboratory infrastructure in poorer countries," Montaner said. "Our data raises the possibility that we could save money in order to save
more lives."
"By using these new statistical tools, we can decide how to allocate resources to the patients who need them the most," added Andrea S.
Foulkes, Associate Professor of Biostatistics at the University of Massachusetts Amherst School of Public Health and Health Sciences.
"In other words, we identify which patients are most likely to benefit from secondary testing."
According to Montaner, their prediction-based classification system uses commonly measured indicators (such as white blood cell counts
and relative percentages of white blood cell types) to reliably determine how a given patient will progress over time.
To test their algorithm, the researchers studied repeated CD4 count measurements from over 1,000 HIV-infected people from seven sites
around the world (including North/South America, Europe, Africa, and Asia). Starting with the CD4 count taken as patients begin
treatment but only using less costly tests for white blood cell counts afterwards, the tool correctly classified about 92
percent of the CD4 cell counts that were below 200 cells per microliter in the first year of ART. With this threshold,
the researchers estimate a potential savings in CD4 testing capacity of 54 percent. With a CD4 count threshold of 350
cells per microliter, the potential savings in testing capacity was about 34 percent. The results over a three-year
follow-up were similar.
Prediction based classification is intended to help prioritize patients who may need routine CD4 count tests, but not as a replacement
for CD4 testing, Montaner says.
The researchers say that additional studies are now needed to demonstrate the feasibility, clinical effectiveness, and cost-effectiveness
of the PBC approach. "Before it can be put into practice, we need to find out whether the tool can be used over extended periods of time,
and to see whether the accuracy of its predictions can be improved by, for example, adding in periodic CD4 testing," Montaner said.
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Funding for this study was provided by the National Institutes of Health, The Philadelphia Foundation, and The Wistar Institute.
Livio Azzoni, M.D., Ph.D. from Wistar and Andreas S. Foulkes, Sc.D from the University of Massachusetts, Amherst are the main authors
of this study. Other collaborators include. Yan Liu, Ph.D., University of Massachusetts, Amherst; Xiaohong Li, Ph.D., BG Medicine;
Margaret Johnson, M.D., Royal Free Hampstead NHS Trust, UK; Colette Smith Ph.D., University College London Medical School,
UK; Adeeba bte Kamarulzaman, M.D., University of Malaya, Malaysia; Julio Montaner, M.D., University of British Columbia,
Canada; Karam Mounzer, M.D., Philadelphia FIGHT; Michael Saag, M.D., University of Alabama; Pedro Cahn, M.D., Carina
Cesar, Ph.D., Alejandro Krolewiecki, Ph.D., Fundacion Huesped, Argentina; and Ian Sanne, M.D., University of
Witwatersrand, South Africa
Source: Eurekalert!
Contact: Greg Lester
glester@wistar.org
215-898-3943
The Wistar Institute
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